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The key strategy of fall fertilization is to store nitrogen over the winter in the ammonium form – which is held on clay and organic matter – and is referred to as stabilized N. Urea and anhydrous ammonia are both considered ammonium based fertilizers. When the ammonium form N is converted to nitrate by soil microbes, then it is vulnerable to losses. This is a legitimate risk, as losses compared to a time-of-seeding application can be 30-40% in moist and warm conditions.
Key points for keeping nitrogen in this stabilized ammonium form are:
1. Wait until soils are below 10°C. Cool soils delay this microbial conversion.
2. Placing N fertilizer in tight bands in the soil further delay microbial activity in areas of high nitrogen concentration.
3. Chemical inhibitors are now available to reduce this microbial conversion. Urea as SuperU or treated with eNtrench or anhydrous ammonia treated with N-Serve will keep N in the stabilized form longer.
4. Nitrogen is further protected if bands are deep enough that they are not disturbed by spring tillage or seeding operations.
5. Nitrogen bands should be no more than 18” apart for cereals and oilseed crops.
6. Dual banding of phosphorus fertilizer with the nitrogen is an efficient way to safely meet the phosphorus needs of crops such as canola. Dual banding with nitrogen increases phosphorus availability. However bands should be no more than 12” apart so that bands are relatively close to next year’s seed. A seed-placed rate of another 10-15 lb./ac. of phosphate may be required when dual banding if soils are cold or very deficient in P.
Note that choosing to fall band nitrogen because soils are often too wet in the spring to support the equipment needed for a pre-seed application may increase the risk for losses because these same factors — warm, moist spring soils — also greatly increase the rate of nitrogen losses. The best soils for fall banding are well drained and tend to be on the drier side. On dry soils, there may be little difference in efficiency between fall and spring applied nitrogen.
Fertilizer deadline: Manitoba has a ban on fall fertilizer application after November 10.
—Thanks to John Heard with MAFRD for these tips.
Further reading:
Fall is better timing for elemental sulphur
