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Canola meal has become an important ingredient in aquaculture diets around the world. As the supply of fish meal dwindles, options are opening up for vegetable proteins to be used in its place. And canola meal has an amino acid profile that is closer to fishmeal than any other common vegetable protein, making it a great alternative. A large number of academic studies have been conducted that clearly support the use of this meal in aquaculture. Some examples:
This page is divided into 6 sections:
Canola meal is now a palatable protein ingredient for most aqua diets. In some older studies palatability was sometimes an issue due to the bitterness imparted by sinapine and glucosinolates. The levels of these compounds in Canadian canola meal are now very low, and much less likely to have a negative effect. Rather than palatability, nutrient requirements are more likely to limit canola meal utilization in aquaculture diets. Carnivorous fish have very high protein requirements, and a low tolerance for carbohydrates. Omnivorous species on the other hand have a greater tolerance for carbohydrate, and often have lower dietary protein needs.
Many experiments have been conducted to investigate canola meal in diets for fish. Tables 1 and 2 list the average levels of inclusion of canola meal for carnivorous and omnivorous fish. The levels listed have been shown to provide growth rates that are equal to or better than those found with the control rations.
| Species | Scientific name | Average inclusion |
| Carnivorous Marine | ||
| Rainbow trout¹ | Oncorhynchus mykiss | 20 |
| Atlantic Salmon² | Salmo salar | 10 |
| Barramundi³ | Lates calcarifer | 30 |
| European Sea bass⁴ | Dicentrarchus labrax | 25 |
| Japanese seabass⁵ | Lateolabrax japonicus | 15 |
| Carnivorous Freshwater | ||
| Freshwater Angelfish⁶ | Pterophyllum scalare | 8 |
| Piavacu⁷ | Leporinus macrocephalus | 38 |
| Sunshine bass⁸ | Morone chrysops | 20 |
¹Thiessen et al., 2003; Thiessen et al., 2004; Yigit et al., 2021; Collins et al., 2021; Collins et al., 2013. ²Burr et al., 2013; Collins, et al., 2013. ³Ngo et al., 2016. ⁴Lanari and D’Agaro, 2005. ⁵Cheng et al., 2010. ⁶Erdogan and Olmez, 2009. ⁷Galioli et al., 200; Soares et al., 2000. ⁸Webster et al., 2000.
| Species | Scientific name | Average inclusion |
| Omnivorous Marine | ||
| Australasian snapper¹ | Pagrus auratus | 60 |
| Omnivorous-fresh water | ||
| Silver perch² | Bidyanus bidyanus | 60 |
| Streaked prochilod³ | Prochilodus lineatus | 8 |
| Rohu (carp)⁴ | Labeo rohita | 20 |
| Wuchang bream⁵ | Megalobrama amblycephala | 35 |
| Nile tilapia⁶ | Oreochromis niloticus | 33 |
| Black carp⁷ | Mylopharvngodon piceus | 11 |
| Grass carp⁸ | Ctenopharyngodon idella | 37 |
| Pacu⁹ | Piaractus mesopotamicus | 19 |
| Mori¹⁰ | Cirrhinus mrigala | 24 |
| Pangasius catfish¹¹ | Pangasius sutchi | 30 |
¹Glencross et al., 2004. ²Booth and Allan, 2003/ ³Galdioli et al., 2002/ ⁴Iqbal et al., 2015; Urner and Ali 2009; Parveen et al., 2012; Umer et al., 2011. ⁵Zhou et al., 2018. ⁶Yigit and Olmez, 2009; Zhou and Yue, 2010; Luo et al., 2012; Mohammadi et al., 2016; Fangfang et al., 2011; Soares et al., 2001. ⁷Huang et al., 2012. ⁸Veiverberg et al., 2010; Jiang et a;., 2016. ⁹Viegas et al, 2008. ¹⁰Parveen et al., 2012. ¹¹Van Minh et al., 2013.
The amino acid balance of canola protein is the best of the commercial vegetable protein sources currently available. The essential amino acid index value for canola meal is superior to that of soybean meal, and on par with fish meal (Table 3). Furthermore, the amino acid profile of canola protein is comparable to that of minced beef (Drew, 2004). With the use of protein efficiency ratio (PER; or weight gain per gram of protein fed) as a measure, canola protein has a PER of 3.29 compared to 1.60 for soybean meal and 3.13 for casein (Drew, 2009). With the high cost of fish meal, canola meal is a viable alternative for partial replacement.
| Protein sources | EAAI | Major limiting amino acids for carp and rainbow trout |
| Fish whole body protein | 97 | Threonine |
| Fish muscle | 97 | Threonine |
| Fish meal (whole herring meal) | 94 | Threonine |
| Soybean meal | 91 | Methionine + Cystine, Threonine, Lysine |
| Canola/rapeseed meal | 95 | Lysine |
| Canola/rapeseed meal protein concentrate | 94 | Lysine |
¹Burel and Kaushik, 2008.
Canola meal may be converted into canola protein concentrate (CPC). CPC contains approximately the same crude protein concentration as fish meal, with a better amino acid profile than corn gluten meal and soybean meal. The crude protein digestibility was reported to be up to 97% in rainbow trout.
Canola oil and rapeseed oil are the most widely used vegetable oils in diets for salmon and trout and are widely used in other farmed species. Canola oil is highly desired over other vegetable oils due to its low levels of linoleic acid (omega 6), helping to maintain an omega 3 to omega 6 ratio that is naturally found in fish. In one study (Turchini et al., 2013) canola oil replaced up to 90% of the fish oil in diets for rainbow trout, with no loss in performance, and minimal change to the total omega 3 to omega 6 ratio in fillets.
Similarly, Karayücel, and Dernekbaşi (2010) found no differences in performance when 100% of the supplemental lipid was provided by canola oil in rainbow trout.
Canola meal contains 25.5% neutral detergent fibre on an as-fed basis, and is largely undigested by aquaculture species, but may be useful in providing bulk in if dietary levels are not too high. Canola meal contains approximate half as much soluble fibre as soybean meal (Mejicanos et al., 2016).
Canola meal is a now common feed ingredient in salmon, trout and sea bass diets and has been recognized for quite some time as a superior protein source (Table 4). Unless canola protein concentrate is used, inclusion levels are hampered due to the very high protein requirements for most farmed species. Collins et al. (2013) completed a meta-analysis of various vegetable protein ingredients fed to salmonids to determine impact of inclusion rate. This analysis, which combines results from many studies showed that dietary inclusion rates of up to 20% did not affect fish growth rate significantly. This results in a significant cost savings for the farmed fish. As with many diets containing vegetable proteins, a feed attractant is often beneficial to maintain feed intake.
| Diet 1 | Diet 2 | Diet 3 | |
| Soybean meal | 25% | 15% | 10% |
| Canola meal | 0 | 10% | 15% |
| Final weight, g | 312 | 322 | 341 |
| Weight gained, g | 210 | 215 | 234 |
| Feed/Gain | 1.74 | 1.58 | 1.78 |
¹Hardy and Sullivan, 1982.
Canola meal is increasingly used in aquaculture diets for species such as catfish, carp, tilapia, bass, perch, sea bream, and turbot. Canola meal is also commonly included in carp diets, which are frequently vegetable protein based.
Tilapia are regularly given diets containing canola meal. Fangfang et al. (2014) tested 30% inclusion of canola meal in tilapia diets with no impact on growth performance. In another study researchers tested six canola meal inclusion levels of 0 (control), 11, 22, 33, 44, and 55%, replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75% fish meal in the diet. There were no adverse effects of canola meal on growth or feed efficiency, even at the highest level of inclusion (Luo et al., 2012).
Several species of carp are reared for food throughout the world, and more experiments concerning the feeding requirements of these species are becoming available almost every day. As more is learned, the importance of canola meal is coming to light. In one study meat and bone meal was replaced with canola meal in diets for juvenile grass carp, and there were no differences in growth rate or feed conversion (Veiverberg et al., 2010) between the two sources of protein. In fact, fillet yield was improved with the canola meal diet. More recently, Jiang et al. (2015) determined that grass carp grew well with diets containing 30% canola meal. Rohu given canola meal as their protein source had higher growth rates than those given cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, soybean meal or even fish meal (Table 5).
| Protein source | Weight gain, g | Specific growth rate | Gain/feed |
| Canola meal | 25.5 | 0.79 | 2.44 |
| Cottonseed meal | 23.1 | 0.73 | 2.47 |
| Rapeseed meal | 22.8 | 0.75 | 2.65 |
| Soybean meal | 21.4 | 0.58 | 1.86 |
| Fish meal | 13.9 | 0.41 | 3.60 |
The replacement of even some fishmeal in diets for shrimp is beneficial in reducing costs and improving the viability of the industry. Canola meal has been successfully used in diets for shrimp and prawns in many parts of the world. In an older groundbreaking study conducted in China, Lim et al. (1998) found that 15% canola meal in shrimp diets resulted in no significant performance differences. However, in the early study, 30% and 45% inclusion levels resulted in growth rate and feed intake depression. Since then, knowledge related to the nutrient requirements of these species has been gained, highlighting greater applications for the meal.
Research conducted in Mexico (Cruz-Suarez, et al., 2001) revealed that canola meal can be incorporated into the diet at 30%, replacing fish meal, soybean meal and wheat, with no change in performance of juvenile blue shrimp. In Malaysia, researchers found that canola meal alone could be used to replace 20% of the fish meal without altering performance. The same researchers (Bulbul et al., 2016) determined that a mixture of canola meal and soybean meal (40:60) could be used to 85% of dietary fishmeal without affecting growth, feed efficiency or health of the farmed shrimp.
Researchers in Australia (Buchanan et al., 1997) fed prawns diets with 0, 20 or 64% canola meal. An enzyme cocktail along with the high inclusion level allowed the prawns to achieve growth rates equivalent to the control diet without canola meal. Ground canola seed has recently been determined to be a promising ingredient for farmed crayfish (Safari et al., 2014). Such results demonstrate the versatility of canola meal for emerging species.
Understanding the nutritive contribution of canola meal for aquaculture
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10454438.2021.1890661
Partial and full substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by canola meal in diets for genetically improved farmed tilapia (O. niloticus): Growth performance, carcass composition, serum biochemistry, immune response, and intestine histology.
Iqbal, M., Yaqub, A. and Ayub, M., 2022. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 34(4), pp.829-854.
https://doi.org/10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2022.1014
Effects of soybean and canola meals as dietary protein sources on the production performance and meat quality of shrimp.
Escobar, R., Lozano, M.S.R., Flores, J.C.M., Cortés, G.G. and Suárez, E.J.D.,2022. Veterinaria México OA, 9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2021.1890661
Partial and full substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by canola meal in diets for genetically improved farmed tilapia (O. niloticus): Growth performance, carcass composition, serum biochemistry, immune response, and intestine histology.
Iqbal, M., Yaqub, A. and Ayub, M., 2021. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, pp.1-26.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n2p82
Protein quality of rations for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) containing oilseed meals.
Kirimi, J.G., Musalia, L.M., Magana, A. and Munguti, J.M., 2020. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12(2), pp.82-91.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.216198
Nutritive evaluation, metabolisable energy and digestible amino acid contents of different indigenous feedstuff for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Bibi, F., Qaisrani, S.N. and Akhtar, M., 2020. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81, pp.44-52.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12339
Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on growth, body composition and digestive function of grass carp (C tenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high-level canola meal.
Jiang, J., Shi, D., Zhou, X.Q., Feng, L., Liu, Y., Jiang, W.D., Wu, P., Tang, L., Wang, Y. and Zhao, Y., 2016. Aquaculture Nutrition, 22(5), pp.1126-1133.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1682
Effect of various nutrient combinations on growth and body composition of rohu (Labeo rohita).
Umer, K., Ali, M., Iqbal, R., Latif, A., Naeem, M., Qadir, S., Latif, M., Shaikh, R.S. and Iqbal, F., 2011. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(62), pp.13605-13609.
https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.20720
Effect of replacing canola meal for fish meal on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, and amino acids, of ovate pompano, Trachinotus ovatus.
Kou, H., Xu, S., and Wang, A.L., 2015. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 67,pp.1144-1154
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.031
Digestibility of canola meals in barramundi (Asian seabass; Lates calcarifer).
Ngo, D.T., Pirozzi, I. and Glencross, B., 2015. Aquaculture, 435, pp.442-449.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12005
Total fish meal replacement with canola protein isolate in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.).
Slawski, H., Nagel, F., Wysujack, K., Balke, D.T., Franz, P. and Schulz, C., 2013. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(4), pp.535-542.
https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1101-705
Effects of canola meal on growth and digestion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry.
Yigit, N.O., Koca, S.B., Bayrak, H., Dulluc, A. and Diler, I., 2012. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 36(5), pp.533-538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00855.x
Apparent digestibility of macro‐nutrients and phosphorus in plant‐derived ingredients for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus.
Burr, G.S., Barrows, F.T., Gaylord, G. and Wolters, W.R., 2011. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(5), pp.570-577.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.031
Effects of dietary canola meal on growth performance, digestion and metabolism of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus.
Cheng, Z., Ai, Q., Mai, K., Xu, W., Ma, H., Li, Y. and Zhang, J., 2010. Aquaculture, 305(1-4), pp.102-108.
https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.831.836
Digestibility and utilization of canola meal in angel fish (P. scalare Lichtenstein 1823) feeds.
Erdogan, F. and Olmez, M., 2010. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(4), pp.831-836.
https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000001089
The effect of canola meal on growth, somatic indices and body composition of angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare Lichtenstein 1823).
Erdoğan, F. and Olmez, M., 2009. Tarim bilimleri dergisi, 15(2), pp.181-187.
https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.20535
Canola meal as an alternative protein source in diets for fry of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Yigit, N.O. and Olmez, M., 2009. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 61(1), 35-41.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352008000600029
Canola meal in the diets of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887): effects on growth and body composition.
Viegas, E.M.M., Carneiro, D.J., Urbinati, E.C. and Malheiros, E.B., 2008. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 60(6), pp.1502-1510.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00509.x
Effects of canola meal on physiological and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Shafaeipour, A., Yavari, V., Falahatkar, B., Maremmazi, J.G. and Gorjipour, E., 2008. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14(2), pp.110-119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.00974.x
Nutritional assessment of Australian canola meals. I. Evaluation of canola oil extraction method and meal processing conditions on the digestible value of canola meals fed to the red seabream (Pagrus auratus, Paulin).
Glencross, B., Hawkins, W. and Curnow, J., 2004. Aquaculture Research, 35(1), pp.15-24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.00975.x
Nutritional assessment of Australian canola meals. II. Evaluation of the influence of the canola oil extraction method on the protein value of canola meals fed to the red seabream (Pagrus auratus, Paulin).
Glencross, B., Hawkins, W. and Curnow, J., 2004. Aquaculture Research, 35(1), pp.25-34.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982002000300003
Replacement of soybean meal protein by canola meal protein in Curimbatá (Prochilodus lineatus V.) fingerling diets.
Galdioli, E.M., Hayashi, C., Soares, C.M., Furuya, V.R.B. and Faria, A.C.E.A.D., 2002. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 31(2), pp.552-559.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982001000300002.
Apparent nutrient and energy digestibility of canola meal for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Furuya, W.M., Pezzato, L.E., Miranda, E.C.D., Furuya, V.R.B., Barros, M.M. and Lanna, E.A.T., 2001. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30, pp.611-616.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00337-9
Digestibility of extruded peas, extruded lupin, and rapeseed meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Psetta maxima).
Burel, C., Boujard, T., Tulli, F. and Kaushik, S.J., 2000. Aquaculture, 188(3-4), pp.285-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00338-0
Use of hempseed meal, poultry by-product meal, and canola meal in practical diets without fish meal for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops× M. saxatilis).
Webster, C.D., Thompson, K.R., Morgan, A.M., Grisby, E.J. and Gannam, A.L., 2000. Aquaculture, 188(3-4), pp.299-309.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_9
Glucosinolates and organosulfur compounds pp113-119.
Bischoff, K., 2019. In Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, Springer AG, Switzerland.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13088
Effect of cellulase, phytase and pectinase supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) fry fed diets containing canola meal.
Yigit, N.O. and Keser, E., 2016. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32(5), pp.938-942.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02381.x
Effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal on growth, feed utilization and haematological indices of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus× Oreochromis aureus.
Zhou, Q.C. and Yue, Y.R., 2010. Aquaculture Research, 41(7)
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00048.x
Nutritive values of low and high fibre canola meals for shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).
Lim, C., Beames, R.M., Eales, J.G., Prendergast, A.F., McLeese, J.M., Shearer, K.D. and Higgs, D.A., 1997. Aquaculture Nutrition, 3(4), pp.269- 279.
Determining the optimum level of inclusion of canola meal in diets for aquaculture
https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2021.1890661
Partial and full substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by canola meal in diets for genetically improved farmed tilapia (O. niloticus): Growth performance, carcass composition, serum biochemistry, immune response, and intestine histology.
Iqbal, M., Yaqub, A. and Ayub, M., 2021. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, pp.1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737108
Effect of feeding level on the digestibility of alternative protein-rich ingredients for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
Elesho, F.E., Kröckel, S., Sutter, D.A.H., Nuraini, R., Chen, I.J., Verreth, J.A.J. and Schrama, J.W., 2021. Aquaculture, 544, p.737108.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12560
Graded replacing fishmeal with canola meal in diets affects growth and target of rapamycin pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala.
Zhou, Q.L., Habte-Tsion, H.M., Ge, X., Xie, J., Ren, M., Liu, B., Miao, L. and Pan, L., 2018. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1), pp.300- 309.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7013.1000256
Substitution in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Diets.
Mohammadi, M., Sarsangi H., Mashaei, N., Rajabipour, F. and , Bitarat, A., 2016. Canola. Journal of Cell Science and Therapy 7,pp. 256-260.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.10.036
Can canola meal and soybean meal be used as major dietary protein sources for kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus?
Bulbul, M., Kader, M.A., Asaduzzaman, M., Ambak, M.A., Chowdhury, A.J.K., Hossain, M.S., Ishikawa, M. and Koshio, S., 2016. Aquaculture, 452, pp.194-199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12026
Effect of replacing fishmeal with canola meal on growth and nutrient utilization in kuruma shrimp M arsupenaeus japonicus (Bate).
Bulbul, M., Kader, M.A., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M. and Yokoyama, S., 2014. Aquaculture Research, 45(5), pp.848-858.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.018
The effect of increasing inclusion rates of soybean, pea and canola meals and their protein concentrates on the growth of rainbow trout: concepts in diet formulation and experimental design for ingredient evaluation.
Collins, S.A., Desai, A.R., Mansfield, G.S., Hill, J.E., Van Kessel, A.G. and Drew, M.D., 2012. Aquaculture, 344, pp.90-99.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00601.x
Effect of dietary fish meal replacement by canola meal on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reared in fresh water.
Luo, Z., Liu, C.X. and Wen, H., 2012. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(5), pp.670-678.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01114.x
Effects of extrusion processing on digestibility of peas, lupins, canola meal and soybean meal in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) diets.
Allan, G.L. and Booth, M.A., 2004. Aquaculture Research, 35(10), pp.981- 991.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00380-4
Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus: I. Digestibility of alternative ingredients.
Allan, G.L., Parkinson, S., Booth, M.A., Stone, D.A., Rowland, S.J., Frances, J. and Warner-Smith, R., 2000. Aquaculture, 186(3-4), pp.293-310.
Treatment of canola meal to improve digestibility for aquaculture
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735270
Apparent digestibility of protein, amino acids and gross energy in rainbow trout fed various feed ingredients with or without protease.
Lee, S., Chowdhury, M.K., Hardy, R.W. and Small, B.C., 2020. Aquaculture, 524, p.735270.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.246568
Use of phytase and citric acid supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on canola meal based diet.
Arsalan, M., Hussain, S.M., Ali, S., Ahmad, B. and Sharif, A., 2021. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83.
https://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST656
Combined Effects of Citric Acid and Phytase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Body Composition of Labeo rohita Fingerlings.
Iqbal, M., Afzal, M., Yaqub, A., Anjum, K.M. and Tayyab, K., 2021. Aquaculture Studies, 22(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735528
Phytase on the digestibility of plant protein feed for silver catfish, Rhamdia voulezi.
Fries, E.M., Oxford, J.H., Godoy, A.C., Hassamer, M.Z., Correia, A.F., Boscolo, W.R. and Signor, A., 2020. Aquaculture, 528, p.735528.
https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.6.2045.2050
Potential of phytase and citric acid treated canola meal based diet to enhance the minerals digestibility in Labeo rohita fingerlings.
Habib, R.Z., Afzal, M., Shah, S.Z.H., Fatima, M., Bilal, M. and Hussain, S.M., 2018. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(6).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1091331
Efficacy of phytase supplementation in improving mineral digestibility in Labeo rohita fingerlings fed on canola meal-based diets.
Hussain, S.M., Afzal, M., Nasir, S., Javid, A., Makhdoom, S.M., Jabeen, F., Azmat, H., Hussain, M. and Shah, S.Z.H., 2016. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(2), pp.645-661.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1593-4
Effects of two dietary exogenous multi-enzyme supplementation, Natuzyme® and beta-mannanase (Hemicell®), on growth and blood parameters of Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius).
Ali Zamini, A., Kanani, H.G., azam Esmaeili, A., Ramezani, S. and Zoriezahra, S.J., 2014. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 23, pp.187-192.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-6970-5-5
Evaluation of a canola protein concentrate as a replacement for fishmeal and poultry byproduct meal in a commercial production diet for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Burr, G.S., Wolters, W.R., Barrows, F.T. and Donkin, A.W., 2013. International Aquatic Research, 5(1), p.5.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12005
Utilization of soluble canola protein concentrate as an attractant enhances production performance of sunshine bass fed reduced fish meal, plant‐based diets.
Hill, H.A., Trushenski, J.T. and Kohler, C.C., 2013. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 44(1), pp.124-132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.005
Effects of exogenous enzymes on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with high inclusion of plant-based protein.
Dalsgaard, J., Verlhac, V., Hjermitslev, N.H., Ekmann, K.S., Fischer, M., Klausen, M. and Pedersen, P.B., 2012. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171(2-4), pp.181-191.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00789.x
Effects of cellulase addition to canola meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) diets.
Yigit, N.O. and Olmez, M., 2011. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), pp.e494-e500.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00219.x
Effect of microbial phytase on apparent nutrient digestibility of barley, canola meal, wheat and wheat middlings, measured in vivo using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Cheng, Z.J. and Hardy, R.W., 2002. Aquaculture Nutrition, 8(4), pp.271-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00572-X
Assessment of differently processed feed pea (Pisum sativum) meals and canola meal (Brassica sp.) in diets for blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris).
Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., McCallum, I.M. and Hickling, D., 2001. Aquaculture, 196(1-2), pp.87-104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01478-0
Effects of enzyme addition to canola meal in prawn diets.
Buchanan, J., Sarac, H.Z., Poppi, D. and Cowan, R.T., 1997. Aquaculture, 151(1-4), pp.29-35.
Review of research in canola meal for aquaculture
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003421214-13/use-rapeseed-canola-diets-aquaculture-species-burel-sadasivam-kaushik
“Use of rapeseed/canola in diets of aquaculture species.” Alternative protein sources in aquaculture diets.
Burel, Christine, and Sadasivam J. Kaushik. CRC Press, 2023. 343-408.
https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12673
Future feed resources in sustainable salmonid production: A review.
Albrektsen, S., Kortet, R., Skov, P.V., Ytteborg, E., Gitlesen, S., Kleinegris, D., Mydland, L.T., Hansen, J.Ø., Lock, E.J., Mørkøre, T. and James, P., 2022. Reviews in Aquaculture. 10.1111/raq.12673
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2021.1985530
A review of the nutritional requirements of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
Araujo, B.C., Symonds, J.E., Glencross, B.D., Carter, C.G., Walker, S.P. and Miller, M.R., 2021. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, pp.1-30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12995
Exogenous enzymes as functional additives in finfish aquaculture.
Zheng, C.C., Wu, J.W., Jin, Z.H., Ye, Z.F., Yang, S., Sun, Y.Q. and Fei, H., 2020. Aquaculture Nutrition, 26(2), pp.213-224.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.03.006
Effect of plant protein sources on growth rate in salmonids: Meta-analysis of dietary inclusion of soybean, pea and canola/rapeseed meals and protein concentrates.
Collins, S.A., Øverland, M., Skrede, A. and Drew, M.D., 2013. Aquaculture, 400, pp.85-100.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.22.36
A review of using canola/rapeseed meal in aquaculture feeding.
Enami, H.R., 2011. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 6(1), p.22.
https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.365
Alternative plant protein sources in sea bass diets.
Lanari, D. and D’Agaro, E., 2005. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 4(4), pp.365-374.
https://researcherslinks.com/uploads/articles/1620236631PJZ_MH20190214170258-R3_Hussain%20et%20al.pdf
Effects of Polyphenols Supplemented Canola Meal Based Diet on Proximate Composition, Minerals Absorption and Hematology of Cyprinus carpio Fingerlings. Pakistan J. Zool., pp 1-9.
Hussain, S.M., Gohar, H., Asrar, M., Shahzad, M.M., Rasul, A. and Hussain, M., 2021.
https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/n36GRLfSsfWq8P5JggwRtMP/abstract/?lang=en
Use of phytase and citric acid supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on canola meal based diet.
Arsalan, M., Hussain, S.M., Ali, S., Ahmad, B. and Sharif, A., 2021. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10454438.2021.1890661
Partial and full substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by canola meal in diets for genetically improved farmed tilapia (O. niloticus): Growth performance, carcass composition, serum biochemistry, immune response, and intestine histology.
Iqbal, M., Yaqub, A. and Ayub, M., 2021. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, pp.1-26.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848619322318
Replacement of fishmeal with processed canola meal in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Growth performance, mucosal innate immunity, hepatic oxidative status, liver and intestine histology.
Mohammadi, M., Imani, A., Farhangi, M., Gharaei, A. and Hafezieh, M., 2020. Aquaculture, 518, p.734824.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377840120305873
Nutritional evaluation of canola meal as fish meal replacement for juvenile spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus): Effects on growth performance, hematological parameters, body composition, and nutrient digestibility.
Hernández, C., Olmeda-Guerrero, L., Chávez-Sánchez, M.C., Ibarra-Castro, L., Gaxiola-Cortez, G. and Martínez-Cárdenas, L., 2020. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 269, p.114683.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anu.12560
Graded replacing fishmeal with canola meal in diets affects growth and target of rapamycin pathway gene expression of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala.
Zhou, Q.L., Habte‐Tsion, H.M., Ge, X., Xie, J., Ren, M., Liu, B., Miao, L. and Pan, L., 2018. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1), pp.300-309.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/327151122.pdf#page=81
Getting value from canola meals in the animal feed industries: Aquaculture.
Glencross, B. and Curnow, J., 2020. OILSEED UPDATES…72-74.
